Spongebob Squarepants is a significant source of nostalgia for many people of generation Z. Personally, Spongebob is a program that I would still watch any day, even as an adult. Though each episode contains a unique message, Stephen Hillenburg admits that its underwater setting was inspired by his fascination with the ocean, as its primary setting of Bikini Bottom is located under an island in the Pacific ocean.
While Bikini Bottom is a central setting in the infancy of many, other episodes reveal differing aspects about the ocean. A personal favorite, “Rock Bottom” demonstrates how the ocean is not a unique, centralized layer, but rather contains various levels and subdomains containing life that differs significantly in their phenotypical characteristics.
In the episode, Spongebob and Patrick enter a bus after a day-long enjoyment at the “glove world” amusement park.After the bus sets in motion, Spongebob quickly realizes that they have entered the wrong bus as they have passed Bikini Bottom’s city limits. Upon this realization, the bus begins descending into a trench, following which Spongebob and Patrick are removed from the bus into a dark part of the ocean where no sunlight reaches. The sign identifies the city as “Rock Bottom” written in a series of crooked letters. All such signs appear to be distorted, as the male/female washroom signs consist of a backwards, upward faced question mark and a downward faced question mark, in reverse order. Spongebob suggests they wait for a citizen to exit the washrooms, following which several citizens proceed from each washroom. Each citizen possesses a bizarre, alien and uncanny appearance. Any gender characteristics are unrecognizable within such alien phenotypes. As Patrick further enters a state of panic, Spongebob begins to search for a bus schedule, before Patrick belatedly informs Spongebob that the bus has arrived. Unintentionally leaving without him, Spongebob remains stranded in Rock Bottom and is forced to wait at the bus stop to catch the next one. Little does he realize that this will be more difficult than he might imagine.
Rock Bottom is a surreal episode, presenting an alien-like environment within its creepy atmosphere. Its dark, gloomy surroundings are only illuminated via a select few street lights. The citizens of Rock Bottom reflect this environment, having evolved into their creepy forms as a reflection of adapting to this dark environment. As a lover of all that is creepy, Rock Bottom has always been a personal favorite within the Spongebob series.
While Rock Bottom remains with me as a nostalgic gem, my recent adult life has led me to the discovery of the roguelike deckbuilding genre of video games. A recently discovered game in this genre is that of DeckTamer, a pokemon-like deckbuilder in which the player must fight various creatures, deciding which they will tame to join their deck and which they will eliminate. Storywise, the player takes the role of various characters who start within a series of sun-filled grasslands and who descend into an abyss in pursuit of various quests. As the character descends, players will notice that the creatures begin to take on increasingly bizarre forms. Storywise, this reflects a biological truth in that organisms adapt to varying environmental conditions, with such differences being a reflection of adaptive necessity in relation to the environment. The increasingly dark and extreme environment, much as it was for Rock Bottom, necessitates new forms for the creatures below. The denizens of Bikini Bottom, having daily contact with light, possess biological forms that make the denizens of Rock Bottom seem bizarrely alien. Furthermore, creatures in the top layer of DeckTamer’s world become increasingly lovecraftian as one descends.
While these two stories are fictitious, they reflect a biological truth of organisms within a very real environment; the ocean. Our ocean is divided into five layers, each containing a unique and independent ecosystem and various organisms that have adapted to such differentiating circumstances. It is these five zones that we shall discuss within the context of this post as well as a very brief overview of biological characteristics within each zone.
Epipelagic Zone
Also known as the sunlight zone, the epipelagic zone descends for the first two-hundred meters of the ocean. It has a large variation in temperature, ranging from -2 degrees celsius at the north pole to 36 degrees celsius at the Persian gulf. Bathed in sunlight, it is a fertile ground for plants who use its natural light for the conduction of photosynthesis. It is this area of the ocean that produces fifty percent of the earth's oxygen due to its size and abundance of plant life. It is also a thriving ecosystem for animal life as well, containing an abundance of phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, coral and dolphins. The epipelagic zone is the most populated ecosystem on planet earth, containing ninety percent of marine life. Yet it is the thinnest of the oceans' layers. Wind keeps this layer mixed and allows the sun’s light to descend vertically. After two-hundred meters, natural light starts to diminish, bringing us to our second zone.
Mesopelagic Zone
Also known as the twilight zone, the mesopelagic zone contains very little natural light. Descending from two hundred to one-thousand meters, the light continues to decrease with further descent. It has a wide fluctuation in temperature, as it is home to the thermocline, a curvature of temperature where the temperature decreases rapidly.
Having very little natural light, photosynthesis does not occur here. Organisms here begin to adapt to the extreme conditions, possessing several distinct characteristics. As the light is very dim, bioluminescence begins to appear in this layer. Fish begin to demonstrate larger and often upward facing eyes for the sake of seeing and catching prey. All life here is carnivorous, with organisms either eating dead animal matter that floats down (marine snow) or active hunters. Furthermore, organisms swim up to the epipelagic zone each evening to eat the abundance of phytoplankton or the fish who are distracted via said phytoplankton. Apart from the bizarre fish, other organisms such as squid, octopi, eels and jellyfish also call this zone home.
Bathypelagic Zone
Also known as the midnight zone, the bathypelagic zone descends between one-thousand and four-thousand meters deep. Being under the mesopelagic zone, it is sufficiently deep that no light penetrates this depth. Being an extreme environment with a consistently cold temperature of 4 degrees celsius, less animals traverse these waters. However, several marine species may still be encountered here. Different to mesopelagic animals, they typically do not ascend to higher levels of the ocean. Bioluminescence is increasingly common, being the only source of illumination within these waters. Organisms here have evolved slower metabolisms and often have reduced or absent eyes.
Unlike the mesopelagic zone, the bathypelagic zone has a constant temperature, remaining stable at 4 degrees celsius. Water pressure can extend to 5850 pounds of pressure per inch. However, sperm whales still descend to this layer in search of food.
Abyssopelagic Zone
With the titular “abyssal” originating from the greek word “abyss” meaning “no bottom”, the abyssopelagic zone encompasses the deepest official layer of the ocean, descending between four-thousand and six-thousand meters down. Eighty-three percent of the ocean floor lies in the abyssal zone. With a crushing quantity of pressure and temperatures at near freezing levels, little life is found here. Few of the organisms that can be found here include giant sea worms, various crustaceans and some fish.
Hadalpelagic Zone
The final level of the ocean, the hadopelagic zone, isn't technically a zone at all. This area encompasses any area of the ocean under six-thousand meters deep. Typically, this zone is only accessible via deep sea trenches. Having a whopping 1000x sea level pressure, this zone is all but inhospitable to all but a few organisms, including starfish and crustaceans who may call this zone home. The deepest a fish has ever been found was at 8336 meters in the Izu-Ogasawara trench, Japan. The deepest known area of the ocean lies within the Marine trench of Japan, descending 10,984 meters. Water pressure can increase up to eight tons per inch. Nominally, hadopelagic is a reference to Hades, the Greek god of the underworld, referring to its sheer depth.